ITTN Category: Informational

1 Terminology¶

The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “NOT RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

2 IPA Server Topology¶

FreeIPA servers are multi-master; meaning that changes to the directory can be made at any given server and will be distributed to all other masters. Because all IPA servers are masters and fully replicated, LDAP queries and changes can be made at Cerro Pachon when the link to La Serena has been severed.

Two IPA servers (ipa1.<site>.<domain> and ipa2.<site>.<domain>) are deployed at each site, providing quick LDAP lookups and redundancy.

3 Group membership and access grants¶

Host access and sudo permissions are applied to groups of hosts (hostgroups), and groups of users (user groups/unix groups). Access is always provided by assigning users to user groups, and hosts to host-groups.

3.1 Group membership¶

Access control can be delegated to users by granting them permissions to manage memberships for groups.

3.1.1 Example: adding a user to a group¶

3.2 Hostgroup membership¶

Hosts must always be added to a hostgroup via an automember rule. Hostgroups that have an automember rule will evict any hosts from the group that don’t match the regex, so automember rules are all or nothing.

3.2.1 Example: creating a new automember rule and adding hosts¶

3.2.2 Example: adding a host to an existing automember rule¶

$ ipa automember-add-condition auxtel \
   --type=hostgroup --key=fqdn \
   --inclusive-regex='^ts-csc-generic-01\.cp\.lsst\.org$'
------------------------------
Added condition(s) to "auxtel"
------------------------------
  Automember Rule: auxtel
  Inclusive Regex: fqdn=^at-.*, fqdn=^atarchiver.*, fqdn=^ats-.*, fqdn=^atsccs.*, fqdn=^atsdaq.*,
                   fqdn=^atshcu.*, fqdn=^auxtel-control-01.*, fqdn=^ts-csc-generic-01\.cp\.lsst\.org$
----------------------------
Number of conditions added 1
----------------------------
$ ipa automember-rebuild --type=hostgroup
---------------------------------------------------------
Automember rebuild task finished. Processed (87) entries.
---------------------------------------------------------

3.3 HBAC and sudo¶

Two levels of access are provided: basic login access to the host (which is generally done through SSH) and full sudo permissions.

Unix user group for host access (HBAC): <cluster>
Unix user group for sudo access: <cluster>-sudo
IPA host group: <cluster>

Two access rules are used: an HBAC rule that grants access to the host, and a sudo rule that grants full sudo access.

HBAC rule: <cluster>-users
Sudo rule: <cluster>-sudo

Note

Our current convention is that user groups and hostgroups are always singular. Sudo rules are always <cluster>-sudo and HBAC rules are always <cluster>-users.

This convention is not necessarily ideal and is subject to revision, but right now this is the pattern that we’re following. We benefit from having a consistent pattern that avoids transcription and consistency errors. In the future we can (and probably should) revise this in the future.

3.4 Example: amor cluster¶

A group named amor would be configured as follows:

Unix user group for host access (HBAC): amor
Unix user group for sudo access: amor-sudo
IPA host group: amor

The access rules are as follows:

HBAC rule: amor-users
Sudo rule: amor-sudo

Users with access to amor hosts would be added to the amor unix group.

Users with sudo permissions to amor amor hosts would be added to the amor-sudo unix group.

$ ipa hostgroup-show amor
  Host-group: amor
  Description: amor nodes
  Member hosts: amor02.cp.lsst.org, amor01.cp.lsst.org
  Member of Sudo rule: amor-sudo    # see: `ipa sudorule-show amor-sudo`
  Member of HBAC rule: amor-users   # see: `ipa hbacrule-show amor-users`

$ ipa hbacrule-show amor-users
  Rule name: amor-users
  Service category: all
  Enabled: TRUE
  User Groups: amor   # see: `ipa group-show amor`
  Host Groups: amor   # see: `ipa hostgroup-show amor`

$ ipa sudorule-show amor-sudo
  Rule name: amor-sudo
  Enabled: TRUE
  Command category: all
  RunAs User category: all
  RunAs Group category: all
  User Groups: amor-sudo  # see: `ipa group-show amor-sudo`
  Host Groups: amor       # see: `ipa hostgroup-show amor`

3.5 Example: Creating an `hvac` hostgroup and user group¶

In this example we create the following resources:

hvac unix user group for host access (HBAC)
hvac-sudo unix user group for sudo access
hvac IPA host group
hvac-users HBAC rule
hvac-sudo Sudo rule

3.5.1 User group creation¶

$ ipa group-add hvac --desc "Summit HVAC users"
------------------
Added group "hvac"
------------------
  Group name: hvac
  Description: Summit HVAC users
  GID: 73027

$ ipa group-add hvac-sudo --desc "Summit HVAC sudo users"
------------------
Added group "hvac-sudo"
------------------
  Group name: hvac-sudo
  Description: Summit HVAC sudo users
  GID: 73034

$ ipa hostgroup-add hvac --desc "Summit HVAC servers"
----------------------
Added hostgroup "hvac"
----------------------
  Host-group: hvac
  Description: Summit HVAC servers

$ ipa hbacrule-add hvac-users --servicecat=all
----------------------------
Added HBAC rule "hvac-users"
----------------------------
  Rule name: hvac-users
  Service category: all
  Enabled: TRUE
$ ipa hbacrule-add-host hvac-users --hostgroups=hvac
  Rule name: hvac-users
  Service category: all
  Enabled: TRUE
  Host Groups: hvac
-------------------------
Number of members added 1
-------------------------
$ ipa hbacrule-add-user hvac-users --groups=hvac
  Rule name: hvac-users
  Service category: all
  Enabled: TRUE
  User Groups: hvac
  Host Groups: hvac
-------------------------
Number of members added 1
-------------------------

$ ipa sudorule-add hvac-sudo --cmdcat=all --runasusercat=all --runasgroupcat=all
---------------------------
Added Sudo Rule "hvac-sudo"
---------------------------
  Rule name: hvac-sudo
  Enabled: TRUE
  Command category: all
  RunAs User category: all
  RunAs Group category: all
$ ipa sudorule-add-user hvac-sudo --groups=hvac-sudo
  Rule name: hvac-sudo
  Enabled: TRUE
  Command category: all
  RunAs User category: all
  RunAs Group category: all
  User Groups: hvac-sudo
-------------------------
Number of members added 1
-------------------------
$ ipa sudorule-add-host hvac-sudo --hostgroups=hvac
  Rule name: hvac-sudo
  Enabled: TRUE
  Command category: all
  RunAs User category: all
  RunAs Group category: all
  User Groups: hvac-sudo
  Host Groups: hvac
-------------------------
Number of members added 1
-------------------------

3.6 Renaming a already enrolled host¶

IMPORTANT: If the node is running puppet, you must stop puppet service in the host before this procedure, otherwise, puppet might attempt to reenroll it before you finish all tasks.

The hostname of a system is critical for the correct operation of Kerberos and SSL. Both of these security mechanisms rely on the hostname to ensure that communication is occurring between the specified hosts. Renaming a host in a FreeIPA domain involves deleting the entry in FreeIPA, uninstalling the client software, changing the hostname, and re-enrolling using the new name. Additionally, part of renaming hosts requires regenerating service principals.

To reconfigure the client:

Identify which services are running on the machine. These need to be re-created when the machine is re-enrolled.

$ ipa service-find server.example.com

Each host has a default service which does not appear in the list of services. This service can be referred to as the “host service”. The service principal for the host service is host/<hostname>, such as host/server.example.com. This principal can also be referred to as the host principal.

Identify all host groups to which the machine belongs.

$ ipa hostgroup-find server.example.com

Identify which of the services have certificates associated with them. This can be done using the ldapsearch command to check the entries in the FreeIPA LDAP database directly:

$ ldapsearch -x -b "cn=accounts,dc=example,dc=com" "(&(objectclass=ipaservice)(userCertificate=*))" krbPrincipalName

For any service principals (in addition to the host principal), determine the location of the corresponding keytabs on server.example.com. The keytab location is different for each service, and FreeIPA does not store this information. Each service on the client system has a Kerberos principal in the form service name/hostname@REALM, such as ldap/server.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM.

Unenroll the client machine from the FreeIPA domain:

$ ipa-client-install --uninstall

For each identified keytab other than /etc/krb5.keytab, remove the old principals:

$ ipa-rmkeytab -k /path/to/keytab -r EXAMPLE.COM

On another FreeIPA machine, as a FreeIPA administrator, remove the host entry. This removes all services and revokes all certificates issued for that host:

$ ipa host-del server.example.com

At this point, the host is completely removed from FreeIPA.

Rename the machine. You can either rename the hostname file or use the command for it:

$ hostnamectl set-hostname new-hostname.example.com

If the system is already managed by puppet, you can perform a puppet run at this point and IPA will be auto-configured. If the system isn’t managed by puppet, proceed to number 8 (otherwise the operation has concluded).

Re-enroll the system with FreeIPA:

$ ipa-client-install

This generates a host principal for with the new hostname in /etc/krb5.keytab. For every service that needs a new keytab, run the following command:

$ ipa service-add serviceName/new-hostname

To generate certificates for services, use either certmonger or the FreeIPA administration tools. Re-add the host to any applicable host groups.

Official Fedora Documentation Procedure for renaming a host. Information gathered from: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/18/html/FreeIPA_Guide/renaming-machines.html

3.7 Renaming an IdM Server or Replica¶

IMPORTANT: If the node is running puppet, you must stop puppet service in the host before this procedure, otherwise, puppet might attempt to reenroll it before you finish all tasks.

There is no way to change the hostname for an IdM server or replica machine. The Kerberos keys amd certificate management is too complex to allow the hostname to change.

Rather, if a server or replica needs to be renamed, it is easier to replace the instance.

Create a new replica, with a CA, with the new hostname or IP address. This is described in https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/identity_management_guide/Setting_up_IPA_Replicas
Stop the original IdM server instance:

$ ipactl stop

Verify that all other servers/replicas and clients are working as before.
Uninstall the IdM server:

$ ipa-server-install --uninstall

Official Fedora Documentation Procedure for renaming an IdM server. Information gathered from: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/identity_management_guide/renaming-replica

4 IPA Directory RBAC¶

IPA Directory RBAC differs from host access control because while host access control provides access to hosts and sudo, IPA RBAC grants permissions to modify the directory itself.

Roles bundle together groups of users, and groups of privileges.

A fully expanded RBAC role looks roughly like the following:

Desktop Support (RBAC Role)
- User groups: desktop-support (see: ipa group-show desktop-support)
- Privileges:
  
  Stage User Provisioning (see ipa privilege-show "Stage User Provisioning")
  
  System: Add Stage User (see ipa permission-show "System: Add Stage User")
  
  Granted rights: add
  
  Subtree: cn=staged users,cn=accounts,cn=provisioning,dc=lsst,dc=cloud
  
  System: Modify Stage User (see ipa permission-show "System: Modify Stage User")
  
  Granted rights: modify
  
  Subtree: cn=staged users,cn=accounts,cn=provisioning,dc=lsst,dc=cloud
  
  System: Delete Stage User (see ipa permission-show "System: Delete Stage User")
  
  Granted rights: delete
  
  Subtree: cn=staged users,cn=accounts,cn=provisioning,dc=lsst,dc=cloud
  
  VPN Group Administrators (see ipa privilege-show "VPN Group Administrators")
  
  “Manage Chile VPN group” (see ipa permission-show "Manage Chile VPN group")
  
  Granted rights: write
  
  Target DN: cn=vpn-cl,cn=groups,cn=accounts,dc=lsst,dc=cloud
  
  Target group: vpn-cl

5 Role User Account Creation¶

Role user accounts are generally accessed by sudo-ing from a regular user account. As a convenience, authorized personnel are allowed to sudo to a role account without inputting a passphrase.

The procedure is:

Create the <role user> user account.
Add the <role user> user account to the user group(s) associated with HBAC rules that allow access to the host(s) upon which the role user will be used. This is typically a user group named <host group>.
Create a user group named <host group>-sudoto-<role user>.
Create a sudo rule named <host group>-sudoto-<role user> that allows sudo without passphrase as <role user>.
Add user account(s) to the <host group>-sudoto-<role user> user group.

6 UID/GID Allocation¶

On EL7 systems, the default /etc/login.defs has UID_MAX and GID_MAX set to 60000. We prefer to avoiding having to manage IDs which potentially conflict between IPA/LDAP and system local accounts, as well as not interfering with the UID/GID sequence of locally created accounts. While we could change the default values for these parameters, there would still be some risk of collision on hosts which are provisioned by a 3rd party prior to installation on our network(s). Therefore we have adopted the policy that all centrally allocated UID/GIDs must be >= 60001.

6.1 ID Ranges¶

These UID/GID ranges are reserved for specific use cases:

61000-61999 is reserved for DM / “archive” related role accounts
62000-62999 is reserved for Camera / CCS related role accounts
70000-79999 is used for general users/groups in freeipa

6.2 Resevered UIDs/GIDs¶

This document shall be considered the canonical source for specific user/group reservations. UID/GID reservations should use the same ID to avoid confusion. E.g. A user/group named foo which use 123456 as both the UID and GID.

If only a UID or GID is need, the corresponding UID or GID should still be “reserved” to avoid future confusion.

UID/GID	username
DM / “archive”
61000	arc
61001	(reserved/unused for archiver)
61002	atadbot
61003	iip
Camera / CCS
62000	ccs
62001	ccsadm
62002	rce
62003	dsid

7 User Account Types¶

7.1 “Regular” User Accounts¶

A “regular” or “standard” user account is tied to one, and only one, person. Login credentials for a regular account are considered private to that person and must not be shared with another person, including IT staff. Shell access to hosts may be authenticated using either ssh private keys stored within IPA or using a krb5 token. Passphrase auth shall not be allowed for hosts. Passphrases are allowed for access to resources via HTTPS and client VPN connections.

SSH public keys shall be managed centrally via IPA. The default ~/.ssh/authorized_keys files shall be disabled.

7.2 “Role” User Accounts¶

A user account is considered a “role” account if it is used by a service or perform tasks which are not tied to a specific person. E.g. an account used for controlling an instrument. Unlike for “regular” user accounts, shell access to hosts by ssh private keys shall not be allowed. Passphrase auth for shell access shall not be allowed.

Host “role” accounts shall be assumed by the use of sudo from a “regular” user account. sudo rules shall be created as necessary to allow “role” accounts to be assumed without the use of a passphrase. There shall be an audit trail of which person(s) have accessed which role accounts.

SSH access directly between “role” accounts is to be avoided if possible. When it is necessary, the only allowed form of authentication is via krb5 tokens. krb5 credentials shall not be provided to biological persons. Instead, krb5 tokens shall be configured on hosts for specific “role” accounts via automation.

Currently, SSH access between “role” accounts on different hosts requires that:

The host is attached to IPA.
The host is managed by puppet.
The sub-system owner(s) / responsible parties for both hosts agree to remote “role” account access.

7.3 “Service” User Accounts¶

Some services need to bind to the LDAP directory, and can’t use a normal IPA user. Examples of this are applications like Foreman and Dex (and OIDC provider).

#!/bin/bash
USER=foreman
PASSWORD="$(tr -cd '[:alnum:]' < /dev/urandom | head -c 16 | awk '{print toupper($0)}')"
cat <<EOF > binddn.update
dn: uid=foreman,cn=sysaccounts,cn=etc,dc=lsst,dc=cloud
add:objectclass:account
add:objectclass:simplesecurityobject
add:uid:foreman
add:userPassword:$PASSWORD
add:passwordExpirationTime:20380119031407Z
add:nsIdleTimeout:0
EOF

# This must be run on an IPA server
sudo ipa-ldap-updater binddn.update

8 Offboarding¶

When a user is “offboarded” due to leaving the organization, the IPA user account SHALL be disabled within IPA but not deleted. This is necessary to preserve a record of the UID/GID of the user account and to prevent reuse of the UID/GID in the future. The user account SHALL have all user group memberships deleted. This is to simplify and reduce the overhead involved with auditing user group membership.

ITTN-010: User Identification and Authorization